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Bio-grape Supplements For Bones & Joints

Supplements For Bones & Joints Information

Shop bone and joint supplements at Mr Vitamins. We stock glucosamine, chondroitin, turmeric, MSM, joint collagen, calcium, vitamin D3 and vitamin K2. Brands include Blackmores, Caruso's, Herbs of Gold, Henry Blooms, Nature's Way and Swisse. Joint ingredients such as glucosamine and turmeric have been studied in adults with long-term knee pain, with mixed results.[1] Bone nutrients matter too, because six in ten Australians eat less calcium than they need.[2] Our qualified naturopaths and nutritionists offer a free 10-minute consultation, so you can choose with expert advice.

Always read the label and follow the directions for use.

Our Bone and Joint Range at a Glance

Shop by type: Glucosamine Supplements, Curcumin Supplements, Collagen Joint Supplements, MSM Supplements, Shark Cartilage, Calcium Supplements, Vitamin D Supplements, Vitamin K Supplements and Magnesium Tablets & Supplements.

Which type is right for you?

  • Fewest tablets: a once-a-day 1,500 mg glucosamine tablet, the daily amount used in most glucosamine trials.
  • No shellfish, or vegan: glucosamine made by fermentation, including a once-a-day 1,500 mg tablet, turmeric or MSM.
  • Trouble swallowing tablets: MSM or joint collagen powder, a glucosamine and chondroitin powder, or vitamin D3 drops.
  • A herbal option: turmeric and curcumin tablets or capsules.
  • Bones, if you eat little dairy: calcium with vitamin D3, or a calcium, D3 and K2 combination.
  • Not much time in the sun: vitamin D3.

Not sure where to start? For joints, glucosamine is one of the most studied options, and a 1,500 mg tablet costs from about 10 cents a day. For bones, check your diet first, then fill the gap. Our practitioners can help you pick.

Type What a daily dose gives Cost a day Pack price
Glucosamine (from shellfish) 1,500 mg glucosamine sulfate or hydrochloride, usually one tablet (some add chondroitin) About 10 to 52 cents About $20 to $85
Glucosamine made by fermentation (no shellfish) About 1,500 mg glucosamine sulfate in 1 or 2 tablets About 27 to 60 cents ($2 or more in combinations) About $36 to $54
Glucosamine with chondroitin Glucosamine plus chondroitin in 1 or 2 tablets or capsules; some give less than 1,500 mg of glucosamine About 33 cents to $1.45 About $29 to $58
Turmeric and curcumin Turmeric extract or curcumin in 1 to 3 tablets or capsules About 42 cents to $1.95 About $25 to $84
MSM 1.5 g to 6 g, as a tablet or a scoop of powder About 16 to 44 cents About $17 to $45
Joint collagen powder A 6 g to 7.5 g scoop About 55 cents to $1.90 About $30 to $91
Shark cartilage 750 mg to 3,000 mg in 1 to 4 tablets or capsules About 13 to 68 cents About $17 to $100
Calcium, or calcium with vitamin D3 1 to 4 tablets or capsules, or a scoop of powder About 13 cents to $1.05 About $13 to $75
Calcium with vitamin D3 and K2 Calcium plus D3 and K2 in 1 to 3 tablets or capsules About 47 cents to $1.20 About $24 to $57
Vitamin D3 1,000 IU (25 mcg) in one capsule About 5 to 15 cents for most capsules About $7 to $35
Vitamin K2 (MK-7) 180 mcg in 1 or 2 capsules About 43 to 80 cents (more in combinations) About $24 to $62

Prices are for in-stock products at 25 October 2026 (some on special) and change often, so check each product page. Costs a day follow each label's daily dose. Practitioner-only products, foods and creams are not included.

Key Benefits of Bone and Joint Supplements

Listed medicines (AUST L) in our range carry these indications. They vary from product to product, so check the label of the one you choose.

  1. Glucosamine: helps relieve the symptoms of mild osteoarthritis, including mild joint aches, stiffness and swelling. It also helps maintain joint mobility and supports healthy joint cartilage production.
  2. Glucosamine with chondroitin: helps maintain joint cartilage health, joint mobility and flexibility.
  3. Turmeric and curcumin: help relieve mild joint inflammation and swelling, and relieve the symptoms of mild osteoarthritis.
  4. MSM: helps maintain joint cartilage, and helps relieve symptoms of mild arthritis, including mild joint soreness, stiffness and aches.
  5. Joint collagen: helps maintain joint cartilage health, and helps relieve mild joint pain, aches and stiffness associated with mild osteoarthritis.
  6. Green-lipped mussel with glucosamine: helps relieve the symptoms of mild arthritis, and helps maintain joint mobility and flexibility.
  7. Calcium: supports bone health, bone strength and bone mineralisation, and helps prevent dietary calcium deficiency.
  8. Vitamin D3: assists calcium absorption, and supports bone mineralisation and muscle function.
  9. Vitamin K2: helps increase the metabolism of calcium in bone, and supports bone mineralisation.
  10. Choice of formats: tablets, capsules, powders, liquids and drops.
  11. Shellfish-free options: fermented glucosamine, turmeric and MSM.

Always read the label and follow the directions for use. If symptoms persist, talk to your health professional. Vitamin and mineral supplements should not replace a balanced diet.

Bones and Joints Need Different Nutrients
  • Joints: cartilage is the smooth tissue, 2 to 4 mm thick, that covers the ends of your bones where they meet. It has no blood vessels or nerves, and it has a limited ability to heal itself. Chondroitin is one of its building blocks.[3]
  • Bones: calcium is the main mineral in bone. Vitamin D helps you absorb it, and vitamin K2 helps your body use it in bone.

Many Australians fall short on bone nutrients:

  • Calcium: adults need 1,000 mg a day. Women over 51 and men over 70 need 1,300 mg.[4] In 2023, six in ten Australians ate less calcium than they need. For women aged 50 to 64, it was nine in ten.[2] Our Calcium For Women range is a good place to start.
  • Vitamin D: one in five adults was low in vitamin D in 2022 to 2024. In winter it was about one in four, and more than four in ten in Tasmania and the ACT.[5]

Food comes first. When your diet falls short, Healthy Bones Australia suggests 500 mg to 600 mg of calcium a day from a supplement. Your doctor or pharmacist can advise.[6]

Do Bone and Joint Supplements Work? What the Research Shows

The evidence is mixed. Joint products in our range are for mild joint symptoms, and trials have tested these ingredients in adults with long-term knee pain. A University of Sydney review of 69 trials found 64% were paid for by companies. Small trials and company funding drove many results. Turmeric extract, boswellia and collagen eased pain for up to three months, but no supplement made a clinically important difference beyond six months. The quality of evidence was very low. The NHMRC funded the review.[1]

  • Glucosamine: GAIT was the largest trial, with 1,583 US adults with long-term knee pain. They took glucosamine, chondroitin, both, a prescription pain reliever or a placebo (a dummy pill). After 24 weeks, none of the supplements had eased pain significantly more than placebo. The US National Institutes of Health funded it.[7] LEGS was a University of Sydney trial of 605 adults. Glucosamine sulfate 1,500 mg a day did not ease knee pain more than placebo over the first year. The NHMRC funded it.[8] A three-year trial of 202 adults found better knee symptom scores than with placebo. Rottapharm, which made the glucosamine sulfate tested, funded it.[9]
  • Chondroitin: a Cochrane review looked at 43 trials. In eight shorter trials, pain scores were about 10 points lower out of 100 than with placebo. The benefit became uncertain in larger, better-run trials and in those without company funding. The US National Institutes of Health and Department of Veterans Affairs supported the review.[10]
  • Turmeric: in a Tasmanian trial, 70 adults with long-term knee pain took 1 g of Curcuma longa (turmeric) extract or a placebo for 12 weeks. Knee pain fell by 9 points more out of 100 with turmeric, but swelling in the knee on MRI did not change. The University of Tasmania and Natural Remedies, a herbal extract company, funded it.[11]
  • MSM: in an Israeli trial of 49 adults, 3.4 g a day for 12 weeks improved physical function, but not the main pain score. The trial hospital funded it, and the maker donated the MSM.[12] In a Japanese trial of 88 adults with mild knee pain, 2 g a day for 12 weeks improved a knee quality-of-life score. Chlorella Industry, which employs three of the four authors, funded it.[13]
  • Collagen: a German trial gave 180 active adults aged 18 to 30 either 5 g of collagen peptides or a placebo daily for 12 weeks. Collagen eased knee pain during exercise, but not at rest. Gelita, which makes the peptides, part-funded it.[14]
  • Fish oil and krill oil: an Australian trial gave 202 adults with knee pain a low or a high daily dose of omega-3. At two years, the low dose (0.45 g a day) had eased pain more than the dose ten times higher. There was no placebo group. The NHMRC and Arthritis Australia funded it, and Melrose Health supplied the oils.[15] Two Australian krill oil trials disagreed. An NHMRC-funded trial, with krill oil supplied by Aker Biomarine, found no benefit at 2 g a day.[16] A Swisse-funded trial found a small benefit at 4 g a day.[17]
  • Green-lipped mussel: a review of nine trials found a moderate easing of pain in the five it could pool. The studies were few and of limited quality. A New Zealand science programme funded it, and one author works for a mussel company.[18]
  • Calcium: in people over 50, calcium supplements raised bone density by 0.7% to 1.8% in the first year, but the gain did not keep growing. The Health Research Council of New Zealand funded the review.[19]
  • Vitamin K2: a three-year trial gave 244 healthy women past menopause 180 mcg of MK-7 a day or a placebo. K2 slowed the loss of bone density in the lower spine and the top of the thigh bone. NattoPharma, which makes MK-7, funded it.[20]
  • Vitamin D: a review of 81 trials found extra vitamin D did not change bone density in a meaningful way. The Health Research Council of New Zealand funded it.[21] A supplement makes the most sense if you are low, as your doctor or pharmacist can advise.[22]

The RACGP's knee and hip guideline for GPs gives exercise and weight management its strongest recommendation. It suggests GPs do not offer glucosamine, chondroitin or omega-3, and is neutral on collagen, MSM, turmeric and boswellia. The Medibank Better Health Foundation funded it in part.[23]

How Much to Take, and for How Long

Follow the label. You can compare the daily amount on a product with the amounts used in trials:

Ingredient Amount a day in trials, or the listed limit How long trials ran
Glucosamine 1,500 mg, once a day or as 500 mg three times a day[9, 24] 24 weeks to 3 years
Chondroitin 800 mg to 1,200 mg; a listed medicine may give up to 1,200 mg of sodium chondroitin sulfate[7, 8, 25] 24 weeks to 2 years
Turmeric extract 1 g[11] 12 weeks
MSM 2 g to 3.4 g[12, 13] 12 weeks
Collagen peptides 5 g[14] 12 weeks
Omega-3 from fish oil 0.45 g did as well as, or better than, 4.5 g[15] 2 years
Vitamin K2 (MK-7) 180 mcg, which is also the most an adult daily dose may give[20, 25] 3 years
Vitamin D3 Up to 1,000 IU (25 mcg), the most a listed medicine may give a day[25] Listed limit, not a trial dose
  • Give it time: most joint trials judged results at 12 weeks to 6 months.
  • Split your calcium: your body absorbs calcium best in doses of 500 mg or less. Take calcium carbonate with a meal; calcium citrate can be taken with or without food.[26]
  • Take D3 and K2 with food: both dissolve in fat, so many labels say to take them with a meal.
  • Keep moving: for bones, Healthy Bones Australia recommends impact exercise, progressive strength training and balance work.[27] For knees and hips, the RACGP recommends exercise and, if you are overweight, losing at least 5% to 7.5% of your body weight.[23]

Glucosamine Sulfate vs Hydrochloride, and Other Forms Compared

Glucosamine comes as glucosamine sulfate or glucosamine hydrochloride (HCl), and both are sold in Australia. Trials of each have had mixed results. A Rottapharm-funded trial of its glucosamine sulfate was positive.[9] The NHMRC-funded LEGS trial (sulfate) and the NIH-funded GAIT trial (hydrochloride) found no clear benefit.[8, 24] The research does not settle which form is better, so compare the dose, the price and any allergens.

Glucosamine sulfate is usually supplied bound to sodium chloride or potassium chloride, so labels show a bigger "complex" weight. Look for the "equivalent to glucosamine sulfate" line to see the real amount. Products made with potassium chloride carry a warning for people with kidney disease or who take heart or blood pressure medicines.[25]

Form What to know
Glucosamine from shellfish Many glucosamine products are made from shellfish shells, and their labels list crustacean.
Glucosamine made by fermentation Made from plant sources such as corn, so it suits people who avoid shellfish. Some products are vegan. Check the pack for a crustacean statement before you buy.
Chondroitin Usually from cattle or shark cartilage, so most products are not vegetarian. Products with sodium chondroitin sulfate are labelled "Adults only" and not recommended in pregnancy or breastfeeding.[25]
Turmeric vs curcumin Curcumin is the main active compound in turmeric. Many products use extracts made to absorb better.
Shark cartilage A natural source of chondroitin. The label warns children, pregnant or breastfeeding women, and anyone who has recently had a heart attack, surgery or a major accident, not to take it without medical advice.[25]
Calcium carbonate vs citrate Carbonate is 40% calcium and is best taken with a meal. Citrate is 21% calcium and can be taken with or without food.[26]
Seaweed and marine calcium Calcium from algae or other marine sources. Compare the calcium per serve, not the total weight.
Vitamin D3 vs D2 D3 raised blood vitamin D more than D2, mainly with large doses. With daily doses, there was no clear difference. A UK research council funded the review.[28]

Side Effects and Who Should Check First

Check with your doctor or pharmacist first if any of these apply to you:

  • You take warfarin or another blood thinner: US Food and Drug Administration reviewers linked glucosamine to changes in blood clotting tests (INR) in people on warfarin.[29] Maastricht University researchers found vitamin K2 can weaken warfarin-type medicines. Even 10 mcg a day changed clotting tests in some volunteers.[30] High-strength ginger extracts carry a blood thinner warning too.[25]
  • You are allergic to shellfish, or have diabetes: many glucosamine products are made from shellfish, and the RACGP lists shellfish allergy and diabetes as concerns with glucosamine.[23] Green-lipped mussel labels say "Contains mollusc".[25]
  • You have liver problems: turmeric medicines carry this label warning (curcumin products name curcumin): "In very rare cases, Curcuma species may harm the liver. Stop use and see a doctor if you have yellowing skin/eyes or unusual: fatigue, nausea, appetite loss, abdominal pain, dark urine, or itching."[25]
  • You have kidney disease, or take heart or blood pressure medicines: check before you take glucosamine made with potassium chloride.[25]
  • You are pregnant or breastfeeding, or buying for a child: products with sodium chondroitin sulfate are for adults only and not recommended in pregnancy or breastfeeding. Shark cartilage labels carry a similar warning.[25]

Calcium can cause wind, bloating and constipation, more often with carbonate than citrate.[26] Too much calcium can rarely cause kidney stones, and high intakes have been questioned for heart health, so stay within the label dose.[4] See a doctor if a joint becomes red, hot or badly swollen. If symptoms persist, talk to your health professional.

How to Read a Bone or Joint Supplement Label in Australia
  • AUST L number: this shows a listed medicine on the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG). Listed medicines are low-risk medicines, and they are not individually evaluated before they are listed.[31]
  • Indications: the health uses on a listed medicine come from a set list of permitted indications, and joint symptom indications must say "mild".[32]
  • The real amount: compare the active amount, such as "equivalent to glucosamine sulfate 1.5 g", not the weight of the salt complex.
  • Allergens: look for crustacean, shellfish, mollusc, fish and sulfites.
  • Warnings: read every warning on the pack.
  • No AUST L number: products such as bone broth are sold as foods, not medicines.

How to Choose a Bone or Joint Supplement
  1. Pick your goal: joints (glucosamine, turmeric, MSM, collagen) or bones (calcium, vitamin D3, K2).
  2. Start with food for bones: count your dairy or calcium-rich serves, then fill any gap with a supplement.
  3. Compare doses: look for a daily dose close to what trials used, such as 1,500 mg of glucosamine. Never take more than the label says.
  4. Compare cost a day: check how many tablets make a daily dose, then divide the price by the days a pack lasts.
  5. Check allergies and medicines: shellfish, fish, beef gelatin in capsule shells, blood thinners, and diabetes, kidney or blood pressure medicines.
  6. Give it about three months: keep a short note of how your joints feel, and stop if nothing changes.
  7. Ask us: book a free 10-minute consultation with one of our naturopaths or nutritionists.

Why Buy Your Bone and Joint Supplements from Mr Vitamins
  • Free advice from qualified naturopaths and nutritionists, online and in store, with no obligation to buy.
  • Trusted since 1992, with eight stores across Sydney, the Hunter region and the Sunshine Coast.
  • Free Click & Collect in store.
  • Free standard shipping on orders over $120 in NSW and the ACT, or over $150 in QLD, VIC, SA, TAS and WA. NT shipping is calculated at checkout.
  • We aim to dispatch in-stock orders the same day.
  • Rated 4.7 stars from more than 3,200 customer reviews.

Explore more: we also stock Turmeric Products, Fish Oil Supplements, Collagen Powder & Supplements and Healthy Ageing supplements. Our blog There's More to Calcium Than Strong Bones explains your calcium needs and the best foods to eat.

References
  1. Liu, X., Machado, G.C., Eyles, J.P., Ravi, V. and Hunter, D.J. (2018) 'Dietary supplements for treating osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis', British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(3), pp. 167-175. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097333. Funding: National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) programme grant APP1091302; the first author's time was supported by a PuraPharm Postgraduate Scholarship, and PuraPharm had no role in the review.
  2. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2026) Usual nutrient intakes, 2023. Canberra: ABS, released 17 March 2026. Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/food-and-nutrition/usual-nutrient-intakes/latest-release (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
  3. Sophia Fox, A.J., Bedi, A. and Rodeo, S.A. (2009) 'The basic science of articular cartilage: structure, composition, and function', Sports Health, 1(6), pp. 461-468. doi:10.1177/1941738109350438. Funding: not stated; the authors declare no conflict of interest.
  4. Better Health Channel (2025) Calcium. Melbourne: Victorian Department of Health, reviewed 12 November 2025. Available at: https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/calcium (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
  5. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2025) National Health Measures Survey, 2022-24. Canberra: ABS, released 31 March 2025. Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks/national-health-measures-survey/2022-24 (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
  6. Healthy Bones Australia (2025) Calcium & Bone Health. Available at: https://healthybonesaustralia.org.au/your-bone-health/calcium/ (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
  7. Clegg, D.O., Reda, D.J., Harris, C.L. et al. (2006) 'Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis', New England Journal of Medicine, 354(8), pp. 795-808. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa052771. Funding: US National Institutes of Health (National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine and National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases).
  8. Fransen, M., Agaliotis, M., Nairn, L. et al. (2015) 'Glucosamine and chondroitin for knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating single and combination regimens', Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 74(5), pp. 851-858. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203954. Funding: National Health and Medical Research Council (grants 402511 and 402781); trial registration NCT00513422.
  9. Pavelká, K., Gatterová, J., Olejarová, M., Machacek, S., Giacovelli, G. and Rovati, L.C. (2002) 'Glucosamine sulfate use and delay of progression of knee osteoarthritis: a 3-year, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study', Archives of Internal Medicine, 162(18), pp. 2113-2123. doi:10.1001/archinte.162.18.2113. Funding: Rottapharm, maker of the glucosamine sulfate tested, as listed in Wandel, S., Jüni, P., Tendal, B. et al. (2010) BMJ, 341, c4675. doi:10.1136/bmj.c4675.
  10. Singh, J.A., Noorbaloochi, S., MacDonald, R. and Maxwell, L.J. (2015) 'Chondroitin for osteoarthritis', Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1), CD005614. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005614.pub2. Funding: US National Institutes of Health (NCCIH grant R24 AT001293) and US Department of Veterans Affairs intramural support; the lead author reports research grants and consultancy fees from drug companies.
  11. Wang, Z., Jones, G., Winzenberg, T. et al. (2020) 'Effectiveness of Curcuma longa extract for the treatment of symptoms and effusion-synovitis of knee osteoarthritis: a randomized trial', Annals of Internal Medicine, 173(11), pp. 861-869. doi:10.7326/M20-0990. Funding: University of Tasmania and Natural Remedies Private Limited.
  12. Debbi, E.M., Agar, G., Fichman, G. et al. (2011) 'Efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane supplementation on osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized controlled study', BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 11, 50. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-11-50. Funding: Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Israel; the MSM and placebo were donated by the maker, Taam Teva, which had no other involvement.
  13. Toguchi, A., Noguchi, N., Kanno, T. and Yamada, A. (2023) 'Methylsulfonylmethane improves knee quality of life in participants with mild knee pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial', Nutrients, 15(13), 2995. doi:10.3390/nu15132995. Funding: Chlorella Industry Co., Ltd., which employs three of the four authors.
  14. Zdzieblik, D., Brame, J., Oesser, S., Gollhofer, A. and König, D. (2021) 'The influence of specific bioactive collagen peptides on knee joint discomfort in young physically active adults: a randomized controlled trial', Nutrients, 13(2), 523. doi:10.3390/nu13020523. Funding: in part by GELITA GmbH, which also provided the collagen peptides (FORTIGEL).
  15. Hill, C.L., March, L.M., Aitken, D. et al. (2016) 'Fish oil in knee osteoarthritis: a randomised clinical trial of low dose versus high dose', Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 75(1), pp. 23-29. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-207169. Funding: National Health and Medical Research Council (project grant 451900) and Arthritis Australia; the oils were provided by Melrose Health; competing interests: none declared.
  16. Laslett, L.L., Scheepers, L.E.J.M., Antony, B. et al. (2024) 'Krill oil for knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial', JAMA, 331(23), pp. 1997-2006. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.6063. Funding: National Health and Medical Research Council (grant 1102732) and the University of Tasmania; Aker Biomarine provided the krill oil and placebo capsules.
  17. Stonehouse, W., Benassi-Evans, B., Bednarz, J., Vincent, A.D., Hall, S. and Hill, C.L. (2022) 'Krill oil improved osteoarthritic knee pain in adults with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis: a 6-month multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial', American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 116(3), pp. 672-685. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqac125. Funding: Swisse Wellness Pty Ltd, which helped design and monitor the trial.
  18. Abshirini, M., Coad, J., Wolber, F.M. et al. (2021) 'Green-lipped (greenshell) mussel (Perna canaliculus) extract supplementation in treatment of osteoarthritis: a systematic review', Inflammopharmacology, 29(4), pp. 925-938. doi:10.1007/s10787-021-00801-2. Funding: High Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, New Zealand; one author is employed by Sanford Ltd, which produces and sells green-lipped mussel.
  19. Tai, V., Leung, W., Grey, A., Reid, I.R. and Bolland, M.J. (2015) 'Calcium intake and bone mineral density: systematic review and meta-analysis', BMJ, 351, h4183. doi:10.1136/bmj.h4183. Funding: Health Research Council of New Zealand; one author reports research grants and honorariums from Merck, Amgen, Lilly and Novartis.
  20. Knapen, M.H., Drummen, N.E., Smit, E., Vermeer, C. and Theuwissen, E. (2013) 'Three-year low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation helps decrease bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women', Osteoporosis International, 24(9), pp. 2499-2507. doi:10.1007/s00198-013-2325-6. Funding: NattoPharma ASA, Norway, a maker of menaquinone-7.
  21. Bolland, M.J., Grey, A. and Avenell, A. (2018) 'Effects of vitamin D supplementation on musculoskeletal health: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis', Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 6(11), pp. 847-858. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30265-1. Funding: Health Research Council of New Zealand.
  22. Healthy Bones Australia (2024) Vitamin D & Bone Health, last modified 26 August 2024. Available at: https://healthybonesaustralia.org.au/your-bone-health/vitamin-d-bone-health/ (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
  23. The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (2018) Guideline for the management of knee and hip osteoarthritis. 2nd edn. East Melbourne, Vic: RACGP. Available at: https://www.racgp.org.au/clinical-resources/clinical-guidelines/key-racgp-guidelines/view-all-racgp-guidelines/knee-and-hip-osteoarthritis (Accessed: 25 October 2026). Funding: in part by the Medibank Better Health Foundation, with support from the RACGP.
  24. Sawitzke, A.D., Shi, H., Finco, M.F. et al. (2010) 'Clinical efficacy and safety of glucosamine, chondroitin sulphate, their combination, celecoxib or placebo taken to treat osteoarthritis of the knee: 2-year results from GAIT', Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 69(8), pp. 1459-1464. doi:10.1136/ard.2009.120469. Funding: US National Institutes of Health, contract N01-AR-2236.
  25. Therapeutic Goods (Permissible Ingredients) Determination (No. 3) 2026 (Cth) F2026L01382. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2026L01382/asmade (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
  26. National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements (2026) Calcium: fact sheet for health professionals. Available at: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-HealthProfessional/ (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
  27. Healthy Bones Australia (2025) Exercise & Bone Health, last updated 4 December 2025. Available at: https://healthybonesaustralia.org.au/your-bone-health/exercise-bone-health/ (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
  28. Tripkovic, L., Lambert, H., Hart, K. et al. (2012) 'Comparison of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: a systematic review and meta-analysis', American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 95(6), pp. 1357-1364. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.031070. Funding: Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) Diet and Health Research Industry Club, grant BB/I006192/1; no author conflicts of interest.
  29. Knudsen, J.F. and Sokol, G.H. (2008) 'Potential glucosamine-warfarin interaction resulting in increased international normalized ratio: case report and review of the literature and MedWatch database', Pharmacotherapy, 28(4), pp. 540-548. doi:10.1592/phco.28.4.540. Funding: not stated; the authors work at the US Food and Drug Administration.
  30. Theuwissen, E., Teunissen, K.J., Spronk, H.M. et al. (2013) 'Effect of low-dose supplements of menaquinone-7 (vitamin K2) on the stability of oral anticoagulant treatment: dose-response relationship in healthy volunteers', Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 11(6), pp. 1085-1092. doi:10.1111/jth.12203. Funding: not stated; the authors are at VitaK and Maastricht University.
  31. Department of Health, Disability and Ageing (2026) Explanatory statement: Therapeutic Goods (Permissible Ingredients) Amendment (Removal of Andrographis Paniculata) Determination 2026 (Cth) F2026L01211. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2026L01211/asmade (Accessed: 25 October 2026).
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